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    <h2>The simplest kungkhie</h2>
    
    <p>The simplest kungkhie is shown in Figure 1.</p>
    
    <p><span style="color:blue; font-style:italic">Two types of nodes</span><br/>All kungkhies are composed of <em>nodes</em> of which there are two types: <em>cognitive state nodes</em> and <em>activity nodes</em>.</p>
    
    <p>A cognitive state node represents a state of knowledge.</p>
    
    <p>An activity node represents a learning activity that learners work through to go from one cognitive state to the next.</p>
    
    <p>(Cognitive state nodes can also be referred to as <em>competence nodes</em>. In this way they can also apply to states whose outcomes are not purely cognitive, like being able to make a cup of tea, for example.  In the discussion below the term <em>state of knowledge</em> can be replaced by <em>competence</em>.)</p>
    
    <p><span style="color:blue; font-style:italic">Nodes represented by circles and rectangles</span><br/>Cognitive state nodes are depicted as circles and activity nodes are rectangles.</p>
    
    <p><span style="color:blue; font-style:italic">Kungkhies begin and end with a single cognitve state node</span><br/>All kungkhies start at the bottom with a single cognitive state node and finish at the top with a single cognitive state.</p>
    
    <p>The bottom node represents our current state of knowledge, and the top node represents the state of knowledge that we aim to achieve by successfully completing the kungkhie activities.</p>
    
    <p><span style="color:blue; font-style:italic">Knowledge represented by intended learning outcomes</span><br/>We define the knowledge associated with each cognitive state node by a set of one or more <em>intended learning outcomes</em>.  These learning outcomes express what a student can <em>do</em> with the knowledge associated with each cognitive state node.</p>
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